The Splendor of the Han Dynasty (8) - Exquisite Attire and Accessories
The daily life of Han Dynasty aristocrats was extremely luxurious. Sima Xiangru provided a detailed description of this in his 'Rhapsody on the Beautiful Woman': 'The bedding is laid out, the attire and accessories are exquisite, the gold incense burners emit fragrance, the embroidered curtains hang low, the layered mattresses are arranged, and the horn pillows are placed horizontally.' Now, let us appreciate some exquisite artifacts from the Han Dynasty, such as bear-shaped footrests, deer ornaments, tiger-shaped weights, and vermilion bird decorations, through the 'Splendor of the Han Dynasty: Exquisite Artifacts from the Han Royal Family' exhibition at the Minhang Museum.
1. Bronze Footrest with Bear and Vermilion Bird (Western Han Dynasty) - Figures 1-2
Height: 11.6 cm, unearthed in 1968 from the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, in Mancheng
This artifact is shaped like a bear stepping on a vermilion bird. The bear is crouching with its right forelimb raised as if holding something, its left forelimb resting on its left hind limb, with a bulging belly, arched back, and curled tail. The vermilion bird is crouching with its head raised and long tail lifted. Two identical pieces were unearthed.
It is speculated that this item was originally part of a lacquered wooden object, which has decayed over time, leaving only the bronze footrest preserved.
Coincidentally, a year and three months later, in October 1969, a bronze artifact was unearthed from the Leitai Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province. This artifact depicts a horse galloping with three legs in the air and one leg stepping over a flying bird. Experts named it 'Bronze Galloping Horse,' but it is more commonly known as 'Horse Stepping on a Flying Swallow.' In 1983, it was designated as the symbol of Chinese tourism by the National Tourism Administration; in 2002, it was listed by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage as one of the first batch of cultural relics prohibited from being exhibited abroad; it is now the treasure of the Gansu Provincial Museum.
2. Gilded Bronze Deer Ornament (Western Han Dynasty) - Figures 3-5
Height: 6.2 cm, Length: 12.3 cm, unearthed in 1968 from the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, in Mancheng
The deer is depicted with its head raised and looking to the left, with two long antlers, a slender body, and short limbs in a walking posture. The details are engraved with fine lines. The entire body is gilded. Each of the four hooves has a small hole, and the body is hollow with an irregular round hole on the left side containing remnants of decayed wood. Two identical pieces were unearthed.
3. Bronze Tiger-shaped Weight Inlaid with Gold and Silver (Eastern Han Dynasty) - Figure 6
Height: 4.8 cm, unearthed in 1959 from the tomb of Liu Yan, Prince Jian of Zhongshan, in Dingzhou
The weight is a household item used to hold down mats. This weight is shaped like a tiger, with gold and silver inlaid patterns on its body and head. The tiger is depicted with its head raised, limbs bent, body curled, and lying in a crouched position with a flat bottom. Besides tigers, weights were also made in the shapes of various animals such as leopards, sheep, deer, turtles, and snakes. Mats were commonly used in Han Dynasty households, and weights were placed at the four corners of the mat to prevent it from moving when people stood up or sat down.
4. Gilded Bronze Vermilion Bird Ornament (Eastern Han Dynasty) - Figures 7-8
Unearthed in 1959 from the tomb of Liu Yan, Prince Jian of Zhongshan, in Dingzhou
The Vermilion Bird, Black Tortoise, Azure Dragon, and White Tiger are the four deities of ancient Chinese mythology, known as the 'Four Symbols,' with the Vermilion Bird representing the south. With the prevalence of Huang-Lao thought and the Five Elements theory, the Four Symbols were widely used as auspicious mythical creatures in artistic decorations from the Han Dynasty onwards. Gilding involves applying a gold-mercury amalgam to the surface of a bronze object and heating it to evaporate the mercury, leaving the gold adhered to the surface. This gilded bronze Vermilion Bird was likely an ornament attached to another object, as indicated by the tenon and nail holes at the ends of its claws.